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Europe
10 March 2013 Last updated at 22:58 GMT
Vienna Philharmonic's Nazi past detailed
This 1938 picture show Governor of Austria Arthur Seyss-Inquart (left) with German conductor Wilhelm Furtwaengler and musicians in Vienna
Almost half the musicians in the Vienna Philharmonic during World War II were members of the Nazi party, new research has revealed.
A panel of historians also revealed that 13 musicians were driven out of the orchestra for being Jewish or married to Jews.
The report follows claims of a cover-up by the world famous orchestra.
Austria is due to mark the 75th anniversary of its annexation by Nazi Germany on Tuesday.
The Anschluss (union) was complete when German forces marched into the country unopposed on 12 March 1938.
Ring mystery
For decades the Philharmonic allowed only selective access to its archives.
But political pressure led the orchestra to commission three historians, led by Oliver Rathkolb, to delve deeper into the years 1938-45.
Mr Rathkolb also attempted to solve a mystery surrounding a ring of honour presented to Baldur von Schirach, a Nazi governor of Vienna, who oversaw the deportation of tens of thousands of Jews.
The ring, originally presented in 1942, was lost by Von Schirach but a replacement was given to him, apparently in late 1966, after his release from Spandau prison for crimes against humanity.
For years, historians have tried to uncover the identity of the man who gave Von Schirach the replacement ring.
According to historian Wilhelm Bettelheim, who was interviewed in a documentary film on Sunday, the man in question was Helmut Wobisch, a trumpeter who was a member of the Nazi party and later joined Hitler's notorious Waffen SS.
Wobisch was sacked in 1945 but resumed his career six years later.
Mr Rathkolb describes the interview as "very plausible".
The BBC's Kerry Skyring in Vienna says that - like Austria itself - the Vienna Philharmonic has been slow to get to grips with its past during World War II.
But for the first time historians have been given access to records detailing the orchestra's role as a Nazi propaganda tool and the persecution of its Jewish members, our correspondent adds.
Details revealed on Sunday showed that 60 of the orchestra's 123 musicians were members of the Nazi party - a much higher percentage than in the broader Austrian population.
Of the 13 musicians driven out of the orchestra for being Jewish or married to Jews, five died in concentration camps, others were deported, but none returned, the report says.
There are details too on how the orchestra's famous New Year's Day Concert had its origins as a propaganda instrument for the Nazis.
The historians' full report will be published on the orchestra's website on Tuesday - the 75th anniversary of the Anschluss.
The revelation that a replacement ring was given to Von Schirach after his release from prison came to light only recently. Von Schirach's son Richard wrote about it in a book in 2004 but refused to name the man who gave it to his father.
Orchestra Chairman Clemens Hellberg had initially been accused of failing to include details of the Philharmonic's Nazi links in his 1992 book Democracy of Kings, which is widely regarded as the orchestra's official history.
He has since said he did not have access to all the relevant documents when he wrote the book.
On Sunday Mr Hellberg said the historians' report was "long overdue". But, he added, "we know that we are together on the same path".
There were Nazi parades on the streets of Vienna following the 1938 Anschluss
http://youtu.be/bwFKEiTyqh0
Magazine
Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez had a cancerous tumour removed in 2011Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez speculated last month that the US might have used a secret weapon to give Latin American leaders cancer, as the number of them with the disease was "difficult to explain using the laws of probabilities" - but is it?
"Would it be strange if they had developed the technology to induce cancer and nobody knew about it?" Mr Chavez asked in a televised speech to soldiers at an army base.
Treated for cancer himself last year, he was speaking the day after the Argentinian President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner was diagnosed with the condition - or misdiagnosed, as it turned out.
Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff, 64, had treatment for lymphoma in 2009.
Her predecessor, Lula da Silva, 66, has been treated for throat cancer.
Paraguayan President Fernando Lugo, 60, was diagnosed with lymphoma in August 2010 but is now in remission after chemotherapy.
'Disease of the elderly'
This made five leaders out of a total of 24 Latin American countries, at the time of Mr Chavez's speech, although it became clear after an operation this month that President Fernandez was suffering from something else entirely.
President Chavez stressed that he was thinking aloud rather than making "rash accusations". The US State Department described his comments as "horrific and reprehensible".
But was he right that such a concentration of cancer is statistically improbable?
Cancer is a very common disease, points out Eduardo Cazap, an Argentinian doctor and the president of the Union for International Cancer Control, based in Geneva.
Over a whole lifetime, the risk of cancer is around one in three for women and one in two for men.
At any one time it affects about 1% of the world's population.
In the case of the Latin American leaders, Dr Cazap says, their risk is higher than that of the general population because they are all in their 50s and 60s. Cancer is a "disease of the elderly", he points out.
Another issue to consider is the fact that the Latin American leaders were not diagnosed with cancer in the same year, but over a three-year period.
So, if we make a specific adjustment for the age group of the population and then multiply by three, five out of 24 - roughly one in five - is not a very unexpected number, Dr Cazap says.
Cancer increase
It is worth noting that not all the leaders were diagnosed with cancer while in office - former Brazilian president Mr da Silva discovered he had throat cancer in the year after he stepped down.
Latin America currently has about 8 to 10% of the world's cancer cases, which is to be expected given its population of about 600 million - roughly 9% of the estimated world population of seven billion.
But the prevalence of cancer in the region is expected to increase "enormously" by 2020-30, Dr Cazap says.
"This compares to Europe, the US and Japan, where the cancer incidence will remain more or less stable in the next 20 years."
Dr Cazap says the main reason for this is that a number of Latin American countries are becoming more economically developed, which in turn is bringing rapid urbanisation and ageing populations.
As countries become wealthier, changes in lifestyle also occur, which lead to an increase in the number of people getting cancer.
High rates of smoking, obesity and a lack of physical exercise are also particular problems in the region.
So, given what we know about cancer in Latin America, can we be sure the US has not used a secret health weapon against Mr Chavez and the other leaders?
Apart from his misunderstanding of statistics - or the "law of probabilities", as he put it - another point to consider is that the different leaders have different types of cancer, and the biological mechanisms behind each are different.
Also, our bodies are in general pretty good at repairing any damage we do to them, which would complicate things for anyone trying to make a cancer-inducing weapon.
"Our body is extremely resistant to all the factors that could affect it. And when you need to produce cancer in an experimental manner you need to use huge amounts of drugs or huge amounts of toxins," says Dr Cazap.
Along with other health experts the BBC has contacted, he doesn't hesitate to conclude that Mr Chavez's "very imaginative version" of events is "difficult to apply to the reality"
More on This StoryLatin American leaders and cancer
REAZIOBE:E' ASSURDO PENSARE CHE IL CANCRO POSSA ESSERLI INOCULATO.SE DA VERO SI CONFERMASSI SAREBBE UNA SCOPERTA SCIENTIFICA RIVOLUZIONARIA(CHE APRIREBBE LA STRADA ALLA SUA CURA)PIU CHE UNA NOTIZIA POLITICA
21 MARZO 2013:RITORNANO?
LA FARNESINA E LE GARANZIE DI NEW DELHI
I marò tornano in India
«Esclusa la pena di morte
REAZIONE ALLA GHANDI:NON SONO TRADITORI
Mr Bolden told US lawmakers that prayer was all that the US or anyone could currently do about unknown asteroids and meteors that may be on a collision course with Earth.
An asteroid estimated to be have been about 55 feet (17 metres) in diameter exploded on Feb 15 over Chelyabinsk, Russia , generating shock waves that shattered windows and damaged buildings. More than 1,500 people were injured.
Later that day, a larger, unrelated asteroid discovered last year passed about 17,200 miles (27,681 km) from Earth, closer than the network of television and weather satellites that ring the planet.
The events "serve as evidence that we live in an active solar system with potentially hazardous objects passing through our neighborhood with surprising frequency," said Representative Eddie Bernice Johnson, a Texas Democrat.
"We were fortunate that the events of last month were simply an interesting coincidence rather than a catastrophe," said US House of Representatives Science Committee chairman Lamar Smith, a Texas Republican.
Mr Smith called a hearing on Tuesday to learn what is being done and how much money is needed to better protect the planet.
Nasa has found and is tracking about 95 percent of the largest objects flying near Earth, those that are .62 miles (1 km) or larger in diameter.
"An asteroid of that size, a kilometer or bigger, could plausibly end civilization," White House science advisor John Holdren told legislators at the same hearing.
But only about 10 percent of an estimated 10,000 potential "city-killer" asteroids, those with a diameter of about 165 feet (50 meters) have been found, Mr Holdren added.
On average, objects of that size are estimated to hit Earth about once every 1,000 years.
"From the information we have, we don't know of an asteroid that will threaten the population of the United States," Mr Bolden said. "But if it's coming in three weeks, pray."
In addition to stepping up its monitoring efforts and building international partnerships, Nasa is looking at developing technologies to divert an object that may be on a collision course with Earth.
"The odds of a near-Earth object strike causing massive casualties and destruction of infrastructure are very small, but the potential consequences of such an event are so large it makes sense to takes the risk seriously," Mr Holdren said.
About 66 million years ago, an object 6 miles (10 km) in diameter is believed to have smashed into what is now the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, leading to the demise of the dinosaurs, as well as most plant and animal life on Earth.
The asteroid that exploded over Russia last month was the largest object to hit Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event when an asteroid or comet exploded over Siberia, leveling 80 million trees over more than 830 square miles (2,150 sq km).Source: Reuters
REAZIONE:QUESTO MI DA RAGIONE PERO....ARRIVA TARDI.
(IL "SCIENTIFICO" PDL,QUINDI NEOLIBERALE,AI SICILIANI PRETENDE PRENDERCI PER SCEMI.HA SBAGLIATO PAESE,E' NISCEMI)
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